Henry Keith Townes, Jr.

20 January 1913 - 2 May 1990

by David Wahl

(originally published in Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 94: 289-292 and reproduced here by permission of the Entomological Society of Washington)

The death of Dr. Henry Townes has left the entomological community much diminished. He was widely known for his work on Hymenoptera systematics, particularly the large and difficult family Ichneumonidae. His influence, by published research and interaction with his peers, was enormous.

An appreciation of Henry's life and work was published in 1982 by V.K. Gupta (Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 20:1-14) and the interested reader is referred there for details. Henry was born in Greenville, South Carolina. He enrolled at Furman University (in Greenville) at the age of 16, and graduated in 1933 with a B.S. in biology and a B.A. in language. His Ph.D was obtained at Cornell University (1933-1937) under J.C. Bradley. It was Bradley who suggested Henry work upon lchneumonidae; Henry's original interests leaned toward Chalcidoidea but Bradley discouraged him with the advice that chalcidologists ruined their eyesight and were prone to mental instability. A number of jobs followed graduation from Cornell, including a fellowship at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (1940-1941) to work on a catalogue of Nearctic Ichneumonidae. Employment with the U.S. Department of Agriculture in Washington, D.C., began in 1941 and he was assigned to work on Diptera, Orthoptera, Neuroptera, and aculeate Hymenoptera before being appointed as specialist on Ichneumonidae upon R.A. Cushman's retirement. Henry left the USDA in 1949 for a faculty appointment at North Carolina State University, working on insects attacking tobacco. Except for a two-year interlude as an advisor to the Philippine government on pests of rice and corn (1952-1954), he stayed in North Carolina until 1956. In that year, R.R. Dreisbach, a Dow Chemical Company chemist and amateur hymenopterist, arranged grant support from Dow Chemical for Henry to work on ichneumonid systematics. Henry and his family moved to Ann Arbor, Michigan, where his research and collection were initially associated with the University of Michigan. The move allowed Henry the freedom to pursue ichneumonid studies uninterruptedly. Starting in 1957, various grants were obtained from the National Science Foundation and the National Institutes of Health; the results of these grants (and those from Dow Chemical) were published in 1959-1978 as three volumes of the Bulletin of the U.S. National Museum and ten Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute (including a four volume revision of the genera of Ichneumonidae).

From about 1933, Henry had been building up a collection of Hymenoptera (with special emphasis on the Ichneumonidae) with the assistance of his wife, Dr. Marjorie Chapman Townes. Malaise traps began to be used by Henry for collecting in the late 1950's, both on his own expeditions and by supplying them to others to collect for him. The collection followed the Townes through their various moves and was stored in a variety of private dwellings and university facilities. The collection (and associated library) moved to a private collection building on the home property of the Townes' in 1964 and the American Entomological Institute was established in the same year as a non-profit organization for the collection and library. By the late 1970's, the collection comprised more than 700,000 specimens and the question of what was to become of it and the library preoccupied the Townes. It was decided to relocate the American Entomological Institute to Gainesville, Florida, where it would function as a fully independent organization dedicated to Hymenoptera systematics, with emphasis on the Ichneumonoidea. This move was made in 1985. The Institute’s collection numbered approximately 935,000 Hymenoptera specimens in 1990, with 571,000 ichneumonids.

Henry was best known for his ichneumonid research. It is hard for workers outside of ichneumonid systematics to comprehend the chaotic nature of the group's taxonomy when Henry started in the 1930s. To call Henry's efforts "remarkable" is to damn with faint praise, considering that it took one person only 30 years to bring order to a group with over 60,000 species and almost 2900 available generic names. Either on his own or with the collaboration of others, Henry produced the aforementioned four volume revision of the world genera (excepting the Ichneumoninae), five catalogues of the world fauna (excepting the Western Palearctic), seven volumes of comprehensive revisions of the Nearctic fauna of various subfamilies, and numerous smaller papers.

The specimen base for this research was assembled by extensive fieldwork on the part of both Henry and Marjorie. They collected on all continents except Australia and Antarctica, and visited, among other places, Argentina, South Africa, Taiwan, the Philippines, and Ellesmere Island (the latter with his son, David Townes). At least seven cumulative years were spent in the field. These efforts resulted in a collection of Ichneumonidae that is unrivaled for geographic and taxonomic diversity.

Henry's contributions to systematic entomology did not end with ichneumonids. When he started his studies in the 1930's, many, if not most, workers relied upon the published literature for species identifications. Henry initially attempted to identify the Cornell University Tryphoninae in this manner but found many gaps and much confusion. He then began to travel to see types, to compare specimens from his own collection with them, and to make detailed notes on what he saw. This was, in his estimation, a good twelve or so years before this practice became common in North America. J. C. Bradley was undoubtedly influential by his travels to Europe to examine types of Scoliidae in the 1920's and 1930's.

While in Washington, Henry initiated the project to write a cooperative catalogue of Nearctic Hymenoptera. With several of his colleagues in the United States National Museum and with the collaboration of a number of other specialists, this catalogue was completed and published in 1951.

Henry always maintained a keen eye for aculeate Hymenoptera and the American Entomological Institute has about 105,000 specimens of this group from around the world. Pompilidae are especially well represented with 25,000 specimens. The interest in pompilids dates from his U.S. Department of Agriculture service when he cataloged the subfamilies Pepsinae and Ceropalinae. He later revised them for the Nearctic. Taxonomy, however, was not the only area where he had influence on aculeate studies. During his North Carolina period, Henry suggested the use of Polistes for biological control in tobacco. His work with Robert Rabb was one of the first to investigate prey preferences intensively for various Polistes species and quantify their impact on prey populations, laying the groundwork for the resulting large body of information about their biology and behavior assembled by other entomologists.

Henry was widely known for his refusal to follow the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature or to recognize the validity of certain Opinions of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. Having observed modifications to the Code over the years, he believed it too changeable and conflicting to be the basis of a stable classification. His idiosyncratic system was based on a principle of strict priority and its ramifications (for a full exposition of his position, see: Townes, H. 1969. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 11: 15-20). Two competing nomenclatures in Ichneumonidae have resulted, although his applications of this system to other groups are not accepted.

A few years ago, Marjorie Townes prepared a short biography of Henry. I'd like to close with the last two paragraphs of her narrative: "Over the years, particularly since the end of World War 11, there have been real changes in the approach to and presentation of taxonomic research. Revisions are usually more comprehensive, and, if not covering the subject worldwide, at least take the world fauna into consideration. Interpretations of species and genera are based on the studies of types. The format of revisionary publication has been modified to make them easier to use, with more illustrations more accurately rendered in drawings, photographs and scanning electron microscope photographs, with more thorough records of collecting localities and with maps to illustrate the distribution of species. In many of these practices, if Henry has not been the pioneer he has been in the forefront of those adopting them. With the specimens in collections the raw materials of the taxonomist, thorough sampling of a fauna has been facilitated by the use of the Malaise trap which was introduced in the USA after Henry had inspected the one developed by Malaise and modified the design for more practical dimensions and construction.

"When Henry spoke of the Nearctic Catalogue at a meeting of the Entomological Society of Washington in the mid- 1940's, R. A. Cushman, then the specialist on Ichneumonidae at the National Museum, wondered how he had been able to accomplish so much in so short a time. This has been possible because of Henry's strong commitment to become the best and because of his persistent and concentrated efforts to attain that goal."

Res ipsa loquitur.

Shaw, F.R. & H. Townes. 1936. A preliminary report of the Mycetophilidae of North and South Carolina. Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 31: 204-208.

Nevin, F.R. 1936. A study of the larger invertebrate forage organisms in selected areas of the Delaware and Susquehanna watersheds. Supplement to the twenty-fifth annual report of the New York State Conservation Department. 1936. Pp. 195-204 (pp. 201-204 by Townes).

Nevin, F.R. & H. Townes. 1937. Studies of invertebrate forage organisms in selected areas with notes on the effects of pollution upon them. Supplement to the twenty-sixth annual report of the New York State Conservation Department. 1937. Pp. 214-227.

Townes, H. 1938. Studies on the food organisms of fish. Supplement to the twenty-seventh annual report of the New York State Conservation Department. 1938. Pp. 162-175.

_________. 1938a. Ichneumon hibernation in the northeastern United States (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae). Entomological News 49: 219-221.

_________. 1938b. Pammegischia and Trichofoenus discarded (aulacoid Hymenoptera). Canadian Entomologist 70: 254-255.

_________. 1939a. The Nearctic species of Netelia (Paniscus of authors) and a revision of the genera of Neteliini (Hymenoptera, lchneumonidae). Lloydia 1: 168-231.

_________. 1939b. Protective odors among the lchneumonidae (Hymenoptera). Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 34: 29-30.

_________. 1939c. The correct generic position and synonymy of Symphobus pleuralis (Cresson) and of Plectiscus pleuralis Provancher (Hymenoptera). Canadian Entomologist 71: 96.

_________. 1939d. Corrections to the Gahan and Rohwer lectotypes of Provancher's Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera). Canadian Entomologist 71: 91-95.

_________. 1939e. Ecological studies on the Long Island marine invertebrates of importance as fish food or as bait. Supplement to the twenty-eighth annual report of the New York State Conservation Department. 1939. Part I of the salt water section. Pp. 163-176.

_________. 1939f. Notas sobre lchneumonidae Venezolas. Boletín de la Sociedad Venezolana de Ciencias. Naturales 5: 299-301.

_________. 1940a. A revision of the Pimplini of eastern North America (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 33: 283-323.

_________. 1940b. A key to the families of Hymenoptera and a general account of sixteen families of parasitic Hymenoptera. In J.H. Comstock. An Introduction to Entomology. Ninth edition. Pp. 891-894, 917-934, 939-949. Comstock Publishing Co.: Ithaca, New York.

_________. 1943. Review: Outlines of Entomology by A. D. Imms. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 45: 95-96.

_________. 1944. Some taxonomic and biological observations on the chironomids. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 46: 163-164.

_________. 1944-1945. A catalogue and reclassification of the Nearctic Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera). Memoirs of the American Entomological Society 11 (1-2): 925.

_________. 1945a. The Nearctic species of Tendipedini [Diptera, Tendipedidae (= Chironomidae)]. American Midland Naturalist 34: 1-206.

_________. 1945b. Review: The Aphidiinae of North America (Braconidae: Hymenoptera) by Clyde F. Smith. American Midland Naturalist 33: 796-797.

_________. 1945c. A list of the genera and subgeneric names of Dermaptera with their genotypes. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 38: 343-356.

Townes, H. & M.C. Townes. 1945. A key to the genera of Eclytini (= Thymaridini) and a revision of the Neotropical species (Hymenoptera, lchneumonidae). Boletín de Entomologia Venezolana 4: 41-53.

Townes, H. 1946a. Tendipedidae. In Stuardo. Catalogo de los dipteros de Chile. Pp. 42-47. Ministerio de Agricultura: Santiago.

_________. 1946b. Entomological results from the treatment of large areas with DDT. Minutes of 4th meeting of subcommittee on Dispersal, National Research Council Insect Control Committee. Pp. 31-34.

_________. 1946c. Entomological definitions. In Funk and Wagnall. New Practical Standard Dictionary.

_________. 1946d. Two earwigs new to the United States. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 48: 47.

_________. 1946e. The generic position of the Neotropic Ichneumonidae Hymenoptera) with types in the Philadelphia and Quebec museums, described by Cresson, Hooker, Norton, Provancher, and Viereck. Boletín de Entomologia Venezolana 5: 29-63.

_________. 1946f. Insect Dietary by C. T. Brues. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 48: 131-132.

Hoffman, C.H., H.K. Townes, R.I. Sailer, & H. H. Swift. 1946. Field studies on the effect of DDT on aquatic insects. "E" series of United States Department of Agriculture, No. 702. 28 pp.

Townes, H. 1947a. A Eumenes wasp and six adventive Ichneumonidae new to Hawaii (Hymenoptera). Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 13: 105-106.

_________. 1947b. Results of entomological inspection tour of Micronesia. Economic Survey of the U.S. Commercial Company: Honolulu, Hawaii. 53 pp.

_________. 1948a. The serphoid Hymenoptera of the family Roproniidae. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 98: 85-89.

_________. 1948b. Czechoslovakian insect pins are now available. Entomological News 59: 75-76.

_________. 1948c. Pyrex bottles for potassium or sodium hydroxide solutions. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 50: 85.

_________. 1948d. Field work on the lchneumonidae (Hymenoptera). American Philosophical Society Yearbook 1947: 148-149.

_________. 1949a. Collecting lchneumonidae (Hymenoptera) in California and Colorado. American Philosophical Society Yearbook 1948: 132-134.

_________. 1949b. The Nearctic species of the family Stephanidae (Hymenoptera). Proceedings of the United States National Museum 99: 361-370.

_________. 1949c. The Nearctic species of Evaniidae (Hymenoptera). Proceedings of the United States National Museum 99: 525-539.

_________. 1949d. The effectiveness of DDT against dermestids in insect boxes. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 51: 165-168.

_________. 1949e. A pest that's a pushover. Research and Farming. Autumn, 1950. P. 6.

Hoffman, C.H., H.K. Townes, H. H. Swift & R.I. Sailer. 1949. Field studies on the effects of airplane applications of DDT on forest invertebrates. Ecological Monographs 19: 1-46.

Townes, H. 1950a. The Nearctic species of Gasteruptiidae (Hymenoptera). Proceedings of the United States National Museum 100: 85-145.

_________. 1950b. Tobacco insect control in North Carolina. North Carolina Agriculural Experiment Station Extension Circular No. 351. 6 pp.

Townes, H. & M. Townes. 1950. A revision of the genera and of the American species of Tryphonini (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 42: 321-447.

Townes, H. 1951a. A cabinet for Schmidt boxes. Coleopterists Bulletin 5: 21-27.

_________. 1951b. Family Stephanidae. In C.F.W. Muesebeck, K. V. Krombein & H.K. Townes. Hymenoptera of America North of Mexico -- synoptic catalog. United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Monograph 2: 1-1420.

_________. 1951c. Family Evaniidae. In C.F.W. Muesebeck, K. V. Krombein & H.K. Townes. Hymenoptera of America North of Mexico -- synoptic catalog. United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Monograph 2: 1-1420.

_________. 1951d Family Gasteruptiidae. In C.F.W. Muesebeck, K. V. Krombein & H.K. Townes. Hymenoptera of America North of Mexico -- synoptic catalog. United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Monograph 2: 1-1420.

_________. 1951e. Subfamily Pepsinae [except Pepsis]. In C.F.W. Muesebeck, K. V. Krombein & H.K. Townes. Hymenoptera of America North of Mexico -- synoptic catalog. United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Monograph 2: 1-1420.

_________. 1951f. Genus Astata Latreille. In C.F.W. Muesebeck, K. V. Krombein & H.K. Townes. Hymenoptera of America North of Mexico -- synoptic catalog. United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Monograph 2: 1-1420.

Townes, H. & M. Townes. 1951. Family Ichneumonidae. In C.F.W. Muesebeck, K. V. Krombein & H.K. Townes. Hymenoptera of America North of Mexico -- synoptic catalog. United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Monograph 2: 1-1420.

Townes, H.K. 1952a. Tribe Tendipedini.(= Chironomini). In O.A. Johannsen & H.K. Townes. Guide to the insects of Connecticut. Part VI. The Diptera or true flies of Connecticut. Fifth fascicle: Midges and gnats [part]. Tendipedidae (Chironomidae). Connecticut State Geological and Natural History Survey Bulletin 80: 3-147, 232-250..

_________. 1952b. Footnote: Nomenclatural corrections on Puerto Rican Ichneumonidae. Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico 32: 765.

_________. 1952c. TDE insecticide emulsions for tobacco. North Carolina State College Entomology Leaflet no. 51. 1 p.

_________. 1952d. Benzene hexachloride (BHC) and lindane on tobacco. North Carolina State College Entomology Leaflet no. 56. 2 pp.

Townes, H. & H. Howden. 1952. On the type species of the genus "Geotrupes" Latreille, 1796 (class Insecta, order Coleoptera) and a discussion of the Fabrician (1898) usage of other names proposed by Latreille in 1796: Comment on the application submitted by Dr. W. L. Potts. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 6: 207-209.

Townes, H. & M. Townes. 1952. A revision of the genera and of the Nearctic species of Grypocentrini (Hymenoptera, lchneumonidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 53: 301-313.

Townes, H. & J. Morales. 1953. Control of field rats in the Philippines, with special reference to Cotabato. Plant Industry Digest, Manila. Dec. 1953. Pp. 3-12.

Townes, H. 1956a. The Nearctic species of trigonalid wasps. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 106: 295-304.

_________. 1956b. The species of Plectochorus (Hymenoptera, lchneumonidae). Philippine Journal of Science 85: 257-261.

_________. 1957a. A revision of the genera of Poementiini and Xoridini (Hymenoptera, lchneumonidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 59: 15-23.

_________. 1957b. Nearctic wasps of the subfamilies Pepsinae and Ceropalinae. United States National Museum Bulletin 209: 1-286.

_________. 1957c. A review of the generic names proposed for Old World ichneumonids, the types of whose genotypes are in Japan, Formosa, or North American (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 59: 100-120.

_________. 1957d. A bibliography of the scientific publications of R. A. Cushman. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 59: 248-254.

_________. 1958a. Miscellaneous comments on the draft of the "Règles". Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 15: 914-930.

_________. 1958b. The name Psammochares versus Pompilus. Systematic Zoology 6: 151-156.

_________. 1958c. Hymenoptera: lchneumonidae, Stephanidae, and Evaniidae. Insects of Micronesia 19(2): 35-87.

_________. 1958d. The application of the name Plectiscus (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 60: 221.

_________. 1958e. Some biological characteristics of the Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera) in relation to biological control. Journal of Economic Entomology 51: 650-652.

_________. 1959a. The present condition of the Gravenhorst collection of Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 61: 76-78.

_________. 1959b. Notes on the types of Nearctic Tendipedini in London and Copenhagen (Diptera, Tendipedidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 61: 135.

Townes, H. & M. Townes. 1959. Ichneumon-flies of America north of Mexico: 1. Subfamily Metopiinae. United States National Museum Bulletin 216(1): 1-318.

Townes, H. 1960. The application of the name Syene (Hymenoptera, lchneumonidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 62: 43.

Townes, H. & M. Townes. 1960. Ichneumon-flies of America north of Mexico: 2. Subfamilies Ephialtinae, Xoridinae,and Acaenitinae. United States National Museum Bulletin 216(2): 1-676.

Townes, H. 1961a. Annotated list of the types of Nearctic ichneumonids in European museums (Hymenoptera). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 63: 103-113.

_________. 1961b. Some ichneumonid types in European museums that were described from no locality or from incorrect localities (Hymenoptera). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 63: 165-178.

_________. 1961c. Some species described as ichneumonids but belonging to other families (Hymenoptera). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 63: 287-289.

Townes, H., M. Townes & V.K. Gupta. 1961. A catalogue and reclassification of the lndo-Australian lchneumonidae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 1: 1-522.

Townes, H. 1962a. A new generic name in the polysphinctine ichneumonids (Hymenoptera). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 64: 38.

_________. 1962b. The synonymy of Zimmeria with Cotiheresiarches (Hymenoptera, lchneumonidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 64: 116.

_________. 1962c. Host selection patterns in some Nearctic ichneumonids (Hymenoptera). XI. Internationaler Kongress für Entomologie Wien 1960 2: 738-741.

_________. 1962d. Design for a Malaise trap. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington 64: 253-262.

Townes, H. & V.K. Gupta. 1962. Ichneumon-flies of America north of Mexico: 4. Subfamily Gelinae, tribe Hemigasterini. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 2: 1-305.

Townes, H. & M. Townes. 1962. Ichneumon-flies of America north of Mexico: 3. Subfamily Gelinae, tribe Mesostenini. United States National Museum Bulletin 216(3): 1-602.

Townes, H. 1963a. A revision of Demopheles (Hymenoptera, lchneumonidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 65: 47-50.

_________. 1963b. Notes on the types of Nearctic Pepsinae and Ceropalinae that are in London, Lund, Ottawa, and Quebec (Hymenoptera, Psammocharidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 65- 115.

_________. 1963c. Sachtlebenia, a new genus of glyptine ichneumonid (Hymenoptera). Beiträge zur Entomologie 13: 523-525.

_________. 1963d. Evidence among the ephialtine Ichneumonidae for a Bering migration route. In J.L. Gressitt. Pacific Basin Biogeography. Bishop Museum Press: Honolulu.

_________. 1964a. Mislabeled figures in Seyrig's Gelinae of Madagascar. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 66: 18.

_________. 1964b. Ganthaulax, new genus. Entomologische Abhandlungen und Berichte aus dem Staatlichen Museum für Tierkunde in Dresden 29: 578-579.

_________. 1964c. Insects of Campbell Island. Hymenoptera: lchneumonidae. Pacific Insects Monographs 7: 496-500.

_________. 1965. A new Cremastus (Ichneurnonidae), parasitic on Oberea. Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters 50: 105-106.

_________. 1965a. Labeling in the Gravenhorst collection of Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera). Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne 35: 403-407.

_________. 1965b. Nomenclatural notes on European lchneumonidae (Hymenoptera). Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne 35: 409-417.

Townes, H., S. Momoi & M. Townes. 1965. A catalogue and reclassification of the eastern Palearctic Ichneumonidae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 5: 1-671.

Townes, H. 1966a. Notes on three fossil genera of lchneumonidae (Hymenoptera). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 68: 132-135.

_________. 1966b. Two ichneumonids described incorrectly as from South America (Hymenoptera). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 68: 180-181.

Townes, H. & M. Townes. 1966. A catalogue and reclassification of the Neotropic lchneurnonidae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 8: 1-367.

Townes, H. 1967a. Taxonomic notes on Kentrotryphon, Ktenostilpnus, and Parentypoma (Hymenoptera, lchneumonidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 69: 58-59.

_________. 1967b. Notes on the Motschoulsky types of lchneumonidae (Hymenoptera). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 69: 93.

_________. 1967c. A new Atleute from the United States (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 69: 181-182.

_________. 1967d. Genus Nanium Townes, n. genus. In K. V. Krombein & B.D. Burks. Hymenoptera of America North of Mexico -- synoptic catalog. United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Monograph 2. Second supplement. 584 pp.

_________. 1969a. The genera of lchneumonidae, part 1. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 11: 1-300.

_________. 1969b. The Neotropic species of Xanthopimpla (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 71: 82-88.

_________. 1969c. Zoogeography of the ichneumonid genera with only one or two species in Europe (Hymenoptera). Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne 29: 347-354.

Townes, H. & J. Oehlke. 1969. Schmiedeknechts lchneumonidentypen aus der Kollektion des Museums Rudolstadt. Beiträge zur Entomologie 19: 395-412.

Townes, H. 1970a. The genera of Ichneumonidae, part 2. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 12: 1-537.

_________. 1970b. The genera of Ichneumonidae, part 3. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 13: 1-307.

_________. 1970c. Tendipes plumosus (Diptera: Tendipedidae) at Solberg Lake, Wisconsin. Michigan Entomologist 2: 82.

_________. 1970d. A review of the lchneumonidae described by Girault (Hymenoptera). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 72: 458-470.

Townes, H. & S.-C. Chiu. 1970. The Indo-Australian species of Xanthopimpla (Ichneumonidae). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 14: 1-372.

Townes, H. 1971a. The genera of lchneumonidae, part 4. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 17: 1-372.

_________. 1971. The application of the name Neopimpla (Hymenoptera: lchneumonidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 73: 445.

_________. 1972a. The Ichneumonidae as biological control agents. Proceedings of the Tall Timbers Conference on Animal Control by Habitat Management 3: 235-248.

_________. 1972b. The function of the eye stalks in Diopsidae (Diptera). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 74: 85-86.

_________. 1972c. Incorrect usage of the term "new synonymy". Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 74: 229.

_________. 1972d. Rediscovery of Exochus albiceps (Hymenoptera: lchneumonidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 74: 259.

_________. 1972e. A note on Zonocryptus luctor (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa 3b: 177-178.

_________. 1972f. A light-weight Malaise trap. Entomological News 83: 239-247.

_________. 1972g. The types of Neotropic Ichneumonidae in the Transvaal Museum. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 74: 310-311.

Townes, H. & T.R. Torgersen. 1972. Diagnostic features of the subfamilies of lchneumonidae. Privately published. 3 pp.

Townes, H. 1973a. Comments on the design of insect nets. Entomological News 84: 1-7.

_________. 1973b. The moisture problem in cyanide killing bottles. Entomological News 84: 33.

_________. 1973c. Deep pinning bottoms for freshly pinned specimens. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 75: 124.

_________. 1973d. A scientifically designed drawer for insect collections. Entomological News 84: 53-61.

_________. 1973e. A predaceous scarabaeid. Entomological News 84: 62.

_________. 1973f. Saturniids as bat mimics. Entomological News 84: 72.

_________. 1973g. Two ichneumonids (Hymenoptera) from the early Cretaceous. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 75- 216-219.

_________. 1973h. Three tryphonine ichneumonids from Cretaceous amber (Hymenoptera). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 75: 282-287.

_________. 1973i. The type of Sphex viatica Linnaeus (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae). Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne 43: 91-96.

Townes, H. & M. Townes. 1973. A catalogue and reclassification of the Ethiopian Ichneumonidae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 19: 1-416.

Townes, H. 1975. The parasitic Hymenoptera with the longest ovipositors with descriptions of two new lchneumonidae. Entomological News 86: 123-127.

_________. 1977a. A revision of the Rhopalosomatidae (Hymenoptera). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 15(1): 1-34.

_________. 1977b. A revision of the Heloridae (Hymenoptera). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 15(2): 1-12.

Townes, H. & M. Townes. 1978. Ichneumon-flies of America north of Mexico: 7. Subfamily Banchinae, tribes Lissonotini and Banchini. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 26: 1-614.

Townes, H. & M. Townes. 1981. A revision of the Serphidae (Hymenoptera). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 32: 1-541.

Townes, H. & M. Townes. 1982. A description of the Townes collection of Hymenoptera. Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 20: 15-30.

Townes, H. 1983. Revision of twenty genera of Gelini (Ichneumonidae). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 35:1-281.

_________. 1984. A list of the ichneumonid types in Taiwan (Hymenoptera). Journal of Agricultural Research of China 33: 190-205.

_________. 1987. Accuracy in reporting types. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 89: 830.

_________. 1988. The more important literature on parasitic Hymenoptera. In Gupta, V. K. (ed.) Advances in parasitic Hymenoptera research. Brill: New York. 546 pp.

_________. 1989. North American species of Stilbops (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 9: 623-633.

_________. 1991. Comments upon the proposed conservation of Cryptus Fabricius, 1804 (Insecta, Hymenoptera). Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 48: 325-326.

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_________. 1992. Charging fees for taxonomic services. ASC Newsletter 20: 1, 131.